前言 | Foreword

2006年6月至9月，我在缅甸掸邦第一特区(也称果敢)的杨龙寨监狱和果敢县劳教所工作了3个月。

果敢位于缅甸北部，与云南省为邻，面积2700平方公里，人口18万。此地有7个少数民族，其中果敢族占85%。果敢族是大约三百年前在此定居的汉人的后裔。果敢人用中文讲汉话。

果敢于2002年在缅甸北部率先彻底禁种罂粟，结束了该地长达190多年的罂粟种植历史。此前果敢有8万山民靠种罂粟为生，种植面积15万亩。果敢禁种罂粟后，此地有60%的人缺粮，人均收入不足原来的五分之一。

禁种之后，当地山民也试验过种植其他经济作物，如橡胶、果树、咖啡等，但都以失败告终。只有甘蔗种植是成功的。

果敢虽然已见不到罂粟花，但其周边地区仍然有大面积的罂粟种植。加之过去多年种植罂粟带来的后遗症，以及新型麻醉品的涌入，使得果敢地区吸食、贩运和零售麻醉品的问题依然严重。

在杨龙寨监狱和果敢县劳教所中的犯人有95%是因为吸食、贩运和零卖麻醉品而被捕入狱的。

杨龙寨监狱的犯人最多时接近二百人，平时则维持在一百人左右。劳教所的约40名犯人，都是从监狱抽调来的刑罚较轻且身强力壮的犯人。劳教所的犯人主要从事各种体力劳动，各方面的待遇比监狱好。

在与麻醉品有关的三类犯人中，又以吸食麻醉品的犯人为多。吸食麻醉品的犯人中又分为吸食新型麻醉品和吸食海洛因两类。

不论吸食新型麻醉品，还是吸食海洛因的犯人，入狱后都不会得到除食物和水以外的任何物品。对吸食海洛因的犯人，入狱后的头半个月特别难熬，每天都上吐下泻，半个月后才趋于正常。

所有吸食麻醉品的犯人，刑满释放后，都无一例外的复吸。

由于果敢地处缅甸北部边疆，缅政府一直未能对其实行有效控制。在过去几百年间，此地一直处于频繁不断的战乱中。

1968年，中国支持的缅甸共产党进入果敢地区，这个时期，果敢乃至整个缅北高原都处于缅共与缅政府军大大小小的战役中。1989年，缅共在果敢的武装力量发动兵变，宣布脱离缅共，成立了自己的武装力量“民族民主同盟军”。缅共随之解体。同年，果敢与仰光政府达成和平协议，但仍保持自己的武装力量。虽然果敢结束了战乱，但果敢仍属于民族地方武装控制区。

果敢的百姓曾经饱受战乱之苦，如今不仅承受着禁种罂粟之后带来的贫穷和饥饿，还面临着新型麻醉品和传统麻醉品大量涌入所带来的各种社会问题。禁种罂粟之前，果敢是人们关注的焦点；禁种罂粟之后，成为被遗忘的角落。他们需要国际社会的帮助才能逐步走出困境。

最后，感谢董胜先生、徐晋燕先生和吴晓蕾小姐，没有他们的帮助这项工作的完成是不可以想像的。

From June to September in 2006 I spent three months working in *Yanglongzhai Prison and Kokang Zone Reformatory, both located in #1 Special Zone (also called Kokang) of Shan State, Burma.

Bordering on Yunnan, Kokang has 2700 square kilometers of land area and a population of 180,000. This area is home to seven ethnic minorities, among whom Kokangs make up 85% of the population. The Kokangs are descendants of Han Chinese who settled there around 300 years ago. The Kokangs use the Chinese writing system and speak Chinese.

In 2002 Kokang became the first northern Burmese zone to thoroughly prohibit poppy cultivation, ending the district's nearly 200-year history of growing opium poppies, Prior to that, 80,000 mountain dwellers had relied on poppy cultivation to make a living, with 1 50,000 mu under cultivation. After Kokang prohibited poppy cultivation, 60% of the people faced shortages of foodstuffs, and their income fell to less than one fifth of its original level.

Following prohibition the mountain dwellers tried planting other cash crops such as rubber, fruit orchards, coffee, etc., but none of these attempts were successful. Only sugar cane cultivation met with some success.

Although opium poppies are no longer to be seen in Kokang, large tracts in surrounding districts are still under poppy cultivation. What is more, the aftereffects of poppy cultivation along with an influx of new synthetic drugs continue to cause serious problems of narcotics abuse, smuggling and dealing.

In Yanglongzhai Prison and Kokang Zone Reformatory, 95% of all inmates were arrested and imprisoned for using, transporting and dealing narcotics.

The maximum inmate population of Yanglongzhai Prison is 200, but the number of inmates usually remains around 100. All 40 inmates at the Reformatory are transferees from the Prison, chosen from among the minor.